國債利率變動對股票估值影響
① 國家發行國債對股票價格變動的影響
國債的信用程度高、風險水平低,如果國債的發行量較大,會使證券市場風險和收益的一般水平降低。
國債利率的升降變動,嚴重影響著其他證券的發行和價格。當國債利率水平提高時,投資者就會把資金投入到既安全收益又高的國債上。因此,國債和股票是竟爭性金融資產,當證券市場資金一定或增長有限時,過多的國債勢必會影響到股票的發行和交易量,導致股票價格的下跌。
② 利率和估值究竟什麼關系
利率和估值究竟是什麼關系?
是低利率在支撐高估值嗎?
很多人認為,當前A股估值水平遲遲降不下來的一個合理的解釋是——中國目前低利率的市場環境可以支撐股市估值維持高位。
從A股歷史來看,利率與估值並不存在穩定的反向關系
檢驗A股歷史上利率水平(用10年期國債收益率)與A股剔除金融的PE估值的對應關系之後,發現兩者並沒有呈現出穩定的反向關系,而是時而正向、時而反向,並不穩定。
利率和估值同向時期,是「投資時鍾」主導的時代
從「投資時鍾」的邏輯來看,當經濟進入復甦和過熱周期時,股市的盈利和估值水平會同時提升(戴維斯雙擊),而當經濟進入衰退和滯脹周期時,股市的盈利和估值水平會同時下降(戴維斯雙殺)。而從利率的角度來看,當經濟經歷復甦及過熱的時期,往往實體經濟的資金需求也會增加,因此反映資金成本的利率水平就會上行;而在衰退和滯脹周期時,利率會下行。
利率和估值反向時期,股市不是經濟的「晴雨表」
02-05年,利率上行而估值下行,源於實體經濟過熱反而對股市資金形成了「虹吸效應」;14-15年,利率下行而估值上行,源於貨幣政策寬松和改革預期提升為股市提供了增量資金
海外經驗來看,利率和估值的關系也並不穩定。海外利率與估值同向的時期,同樣也是「投資時鍾」主導的時代
美國98年10月至12年10月,美國股市與經濟走勢吻合,估值與利率先上後下,走勢基本同向。日本93年9月至08年10月,泡沫破滅後估值長期下修,兩段階段性的反彈機會也均出現在經濟弱改善的時期,整體利率與估值同向下移
海外利率與估值反向的時期,背後的原因更為復雜
美國「滯脹」時期,利率向上、估值向下;美國「里根新政」及「新經濟」時期,利率向下、估值向上;美國「量化寬松」時期,利率向下、估值向上;日本地產泡沫後期,利率先上後下、估值先下後上。
結論:「投資時鍾」回歸之前,利率和估值或將維持反向,但風險偏好的變化會影響到兩者的傳導關系
中國「存量經濟」的格局短期內很難被打破,宏觀數據很可能在長時間內窄幅波動,這時候「投資時鍾」是無效的。因此預計利率和估值的反向關系還將持續,不過風險偏好的變化會影響他們之間的傳導關系。
③ 利率對國債如何影響
利率不會響國債期貨價格,影響期貨價格的只有供求數量,即供大於求,價格下跌,供不應求,價格上漲。
1·市場利率降低,意味著新發債券的利率也會降低,相對於已經上市的這些老債券來說,老債券的收益率就比較高了,也就是老債券的價格被低估了,所以這個時候就會買入債券,獲取比市場利率高的收益,這樣債券的價格就會漲,隨著債券的價格上漲,收益率就會降低,價格和收益率重新達到均衡,跟市場利率匹配
2· 債券的價格跟債券的收益率是成反比的,市場利率會影響債券的收益率。
3·市場利率(marketinterestrate/marketrate)是市場資金借貸成本的真實反映,而能夠及時反映短期市場利率的指標有銀行間同業拆借利率、國債回購利率等。新發行的債券利率一般也是按照當時的市場基準利率來設計的。一般來說,市場利率上升會引起債券類固定收益產品價格下降,股票價格下跌,房地產市場、外匯市場走低,但儲蓄收益將增加。
4·債券價值是指進行債券投資時投資者預期可獲得的現金流入的現值。債券的現金流入主要包括利息和到期收回的本金或出售時獲得的現金兩部分。當債券的購買價格低於債券價值時,才值得購買。
④ 國債收益率與股市有什麼關系
國債指數和股指有很直接的關系,可判斷短線資金的流向。給投資人以指導.在整個社會資金供給量相對穩定的前提下,如果股市行情看漲,股票市場收益率提高,資金在利潤的引導下必定從債券市場轉向股票市場。反之亦然。股票市場和債券市場之間這種此消彼長的關系就是所謂的「翹翹板效應」。
⑤ 國債的發行 逆回購 還有發行利率的上下變動 對股市都有怎麼樣的影響呢為什麼會出現這種影響呢
應該說,影響不大。當國債利率上行時,國債相對股票吸引力增大,所以可能導致投資股票的部分資金流向國債,僅僅是部分資金的轉移而已,抽走股市的資金,就是賣出股票,相對股價就會下跌一些。就是這么回事。
⑥ 十年國債利率降到4以下,對股市是利好,還是利空
利率降低對股市是利好。
⑦ 急急急!!!利率變動對股市影響的數學公式(數學模型也可以)
沒有公式,你看下面的信息自己做一個正反比例的模型,然後倒入這幾年的經濟數據擬合吧!!
(參考資料,英文中文都有)
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一般理論上來說,利率下降時,股票的價格就上漲;利率上升時,股票的價格就會下跌。因此,利率的高低以及利率同股票市場的關系,也成為股票投資者據以買進和賣出股票的重要依據。
利率對於股票的影響可以分成三種途徑:
一是利率變動造成的資產組合替代效應,利率變動通過影響存款收益率,投資者就會對股票和儲蓄以及債券之間做出選擇,實現資本的保值增值。
通過資產重新組合進而影響資金流向和流量,最終必然會影響到股票市場的資金供求和股票價格。利率上升,一部分資金可能從股市轉而投向銀行儲蓄和債券,從而會減少市場上的資金供應量,減少股票需求,股票價格下降;反之,利率下降,股票市場資金供應增加,股票價格將上升。
二是利率對上市公司經營的影響,進而影響公司未來的估值水平。
貸款利率提高會加重企業利息負擔,從而減少企業的盈利,進而減少企業的股票分紅派息,受利率的提高和股票分紅派息降低的雙重影響,股票價格必然會下降。相反,貸款利率下調將減輕企業利息負擔,降低企業生產經營成本,提高企業盈利能力,使企業可以增加股票的分紅派息。受利率的降低和股票分紅派息增加的雙重影響,股票價格將大幅上升。
三是利率變動對股票內在價值的影響。
股票資產的內在價值是由資產在未來時期中所接受的現金流決定的,股票的內在價值與一定風險下的貼現率呈反比關系,如果將銀行間拆借、銀行間債券與證券交易所的債券回購利率作為參考的貼現率,則貼現率的上揚必然導致股票內在價值的降低,從而也會使股票價格相應下降。股指的變化與市場的貼現率呈現反向變化,貼現率上升,股票的內在價值下降,股指將下降;反之,貼現率下降,股價指數上升。
以上的傳導途徑應該是較長的一個時期才能體現出來的,利率調整與股價變動之間通常有一個時滯效應,因為利率下調首先引起儲蓄分流,增加股市的資金供給,更多的資金追逐同樣多的股票,才能引起股價上漲,利率下調到股價上漲之間有一個過程。如我國央行自1996年5月以來的八次下調存款利率,到2002年1年期定期儲蓄存款的實際收益率只有1.58%。在股票價格在較長時間內持續上漲的情況下,股票投資的收益率遠遠高於存款的報酬率,一部分儲蓄存款轉化為股票投資,從而加快了儲蓄分流的步伐。從我國居民儲蓄存款增長率來看,1994年居民儲蓄存款增長率45.6%,之後增幅連年下滑,而同一時期股票市場發展迅速,1999年下半年開始儲蓄分流明顯加快,到2000年分流達到頂點,同年我國居民儲蓄存款增長率僅為7.9%。這一年股票市場也牛氣沖天。2001年儲蓄分流則明顯減緩,增長率14.7%,居民儲蓄傾向增強。2001年股市波動性加大,股價持續幾個月的大幅回調,則是2001年儲蓄分流減緩、居民儲蓄存款大幅增加的主要原因之一。
另外,利率對於企業的經營成本影響同樣需要一個生產和銷售的資本運轉過程,短時間內,難以體現出來。因此,利率和股票市場的相關性要從長期來把握。
實際上,就中長期而言,利率升降和股市的漲跌也並不是簡單的負相關關系。就是說,中長期股價指數的走勢不僅僅只受利率走勢的影響,它同時對經濟增長因素、非市場宏觀政策因素的反應也很敏感。如果經濟增長因素、非市場宏觀政策因素的影響大於利率對股市的影響,股價指數的走勢就會與利率的中長期走勢相背離。
典型如美國的利率調整和股市走勢就出現同步上漲的過程。1992年至1995年美元加息周期中,由於經濟處於穩步增長階段,逐步收緊的貨幣政策並未使經濟下滑,公司盈利與股價走勢也保持了良好態勢,加息之後,股票市場反而走高,其根本原因是經濟增長的影響大於加息的影響。
我國從1996年5月進入降息周期的拐點。股指也進入上升周期。利率與股指的走勢發生了5年的負相關關系。但2001年在利率沒有進入升息周期的情況下,股指開始了下跌的趨勢。分析其原因,我國非市場宏觀政策因素的影響大於利率對股市的影響。人們對非流通的國有股將進入市場流通的擔心和恐懼導致了股市投資的風險和收益發生了非對稱的變化。從這個角度來看,由於我國目前非市場宏觀政策因素仍然有比較大的不確定性,所以利率對股市的影響不能夠成為我們研究和預測股市中長期走勢的主要因素。
就短期而言,我國利率的變動對股價的走勢很難判斷存在相關性。利率調整當天和隨後的股價波動並不能說明二者之間有何必然的聯系。從當前股市的狀況分析,很明顯也和利率的走勢不符合理論上的負相關性。股票市場的低迷更多地被歸結為上市公司的質量以及諸多體制性問題和投資者信心問題。因此,在看待我國加息預期對於股票市場的影響時,還要考慮其他諸多因素,而不能簡單從前文所述的理論關系來判斷。利率只是影響股市的因素之一,而不是惟一決定因素。因此,我們不能唯利率升降是從,要具體分析,何況即使利率上升,股市也並不是就完全沒有投資機會。(
Interest rates. Most people pay attention to them, and they can impact the stock market. But why? In this article, we'll explain some of the indirect links between interest rates and the stock market and show you how they might affect your life.
The Interest Rate
Essentially, interest is nothing more than the cost someone pays for the use of someone else's money. Homeowners know this scenario quite intimately. They have to use a bank's money (through a mortgage) to purchase a home, and they have to pay the bank for the privilege. Credit card users also know this scenario quite well - they borrow money for the short term in order to buy something right away. But when it comes to the stock market and the impact of interest rates, the term usually refers to something other than the above examples - although we will see that they are affected as well. (To read more, see Who determines interest rates?)
The interest rate that applies to investors is the U.S. Federal Reserve's federal funds rate. This is the cost that banks are charged for borrowing money from Federal Reserve banks. Why is this number so important? It is the way the Federal Reserve (the "Fed") attempts to control inflation. Inflation is caused by too much money chasing too few goods (or too much demand for too little supply), which causes prices to increase. By influencing the amount of money available for purchasing goods, the Fed can control inflation. Other countries' central banks do the same thing for the same reason.
Basically, by increasing the federal funds rate, the Fed attempts to lower the supply of money by making it more expensive to obtain.(To see more on the Federal Reserve, read Get To Know The Major Central Banks, The Fed Model And Stock Valuation: What It Does And Does Not Tell Us and Formulating Monetary Policy.)
Effects of an Increase
When the Fed increases the federal funds rate, it does not have an immediate impact on the stock market. Instead, the increased federal funds rate has a single direct effect - it becomes more expensive for banks to borrow money from the Fed. However, increases in the discount rate also cause a ripple effect, and factors that influence both indivials and businesses are affected.
The first indirect effect of an increased federal funds rate is that banks increase the rates that they charge their customers to borrow money. Indivials are affected through increases to credit card and mortgage interest rates, especially if they carry a variable interest rate. This has the effect of decreasing the amount of money consumers can spend. After all, people still have to pay the bills, and when those bills become more expensive, households are left with less disposable income. This means that people will spend less discretionary money, which will affect businesses' top and bottom lines (that is, revenues and profits).
Therefore, businesses are also indirectly affected by an increase in the federal funds rate as a result of the actions of indivial consumers. But businesses are affected in a more direct way as well. They, too, borrow money from banks to run and expand their operations. When the banks make borrowing more expensive, companies might not borrow as much and will pay a higher rate of interest on their loans. Less business spending can slow down the growth of a company, resulting in decreases in profit. (For extra reading on company lending, read When Companies Borrow Money.)
Stock Price Effects
Clearly, changes in the federal funds rate affect the behavior of consumers and business, but the stock market is also affected. Remember that one method of valuing a company is to take the sum of all the expected future cash flows from that company discounted back to the present. To arrive at a stock's price, take the sum of the future discounted cash flow and divide it by the number of shares available. This price fluctuates as a result of the different expectations that people have about the company at different times. Because of those differences, they are willing to buy or sell shares at different prices.
If a company is seen as cutting back on its growth spending or is making less profit - either through higher debt expenses or less revenue from consumers - then the estimated amount of future cash flows will drop. All else being equal, this will lower the price of the company's stock. If enough companies experience a decline in their stock prices, the whole market, or the indexes (like the Dow Jones Instrial Average or the S&P 500) that many people equate with the market, will go down. (To learn more, check out Why Do Markets Move?, Forces That Move Stock Prices and What causes a significant move in the stock market?)
Investment Effects
For many investors, a declining market or stock price is not a desirable outcome. Investors wish to see their invested money increase in value. Such gains come from stock price appreciation, the payment of dividends - or both. With a lowered expectation in the growth and future cash flows of the company, investors will not get as much growth from stock price appreciation, making stock ownership less desirable.
Furthermore, investing in stocks can be viewed as too risky compared to other investments. When the Fed raises the federal funds rate, newly offered government securities, such Treasury bills and bonds, are often viewed as the safest investments and will usually experience a corresponding increase in interest rates. In other words, the "risk-free" rate of return goes up, making these investments more desirable. When people invest in stocks, they need to be compensated for taking on the additional risk involved in such an investment, or a premium above the risk-free rate. The desired return for investing in stocks is the sum of the risk-free rate and the risk premium. Of course, different people have different risk premiums, depending on their own tolerance for risk and the company they are buying. However, in general, as the risk-free rate goes up, the total return required for investing in stocks also increases. Therefore, if the required risk premium decreases while the potential return remains the same or becomes lower, investors might feel that stocks have become too risky, and will put their money elsewhere.
Interest Rates Affect but Don't Determine the Stock Market
The interest rate, commonly bandied about by the media, has a wide and varied impact upon the economy. When it is raised, the general effect is to lessen the amount of money in circulation, which works to keep inflation low. It also makes borrowing money more expensive, which affects how consumers and businesses spend their money; this increases expenses for companies, lowering earnings somewhat for those with debt to pay. Finally, it tends to make the stock market a slightly less attractive place to investment.
Keep in mind, however, that these factors and results are all interrelated. What we described above are very broad interactions, which can play out in innumerable ways. Interest rates are not the only determinant of stock prices and there are many considerations that go into stock prices and the general trend of the market - an increased interest rate is only one of them. Therefore, one can never say with confidence that an interest rate hike by the Fed will have an overall negative effect on stock prices.
⑧ 利率變化對股市有什麼影響
你好,利率變化對股市的影響:
1、利率上升
當市場的利率上市時,它會通過兩個方面影響股市的走勢。
一方面,利率上升,企業的融資成本增加,財務費用的開支也會同步增加,導致企業擴張的意願下降,在原有的營業收入維持不變的情況下,費用的增加會導致凈利潤的下降,公司的市值也會同步下降。
另一方面,當利率上升時,以債券為代表的固定收益理財產品的吸引力對投資者顯著增加,原先投資股票市場的資金會逐漸轉向到固定收益理財,導致市場的成交量不足,股市的上漲動能不足,有可能導致股市大盤回調。
2、利率下降
實際上,利率下降也是通過減少企業的融資成本和增加市場的貨幣資金投向,來進一步影響股市大盤的具體走勢。
利率下降,企業融資成本下降,凈利潤上升,企業的市值上漲。
利率下降,投資固定收益的資金減少,投資股票市場的資金增加,導致市場的整體成交量上漲,為大盤上漲注入新鮮活力。
因此,利率最終是通過影響企業融資成本和市場資金數量兩方面影響股市。
風險揭示:本信息不構成任何投資建議,投資者不應以該等信息取代其獨立判斷或僅根據該等信息作出決策,不構成任何買賣操作,不保證任何收益。如自行操作,請注意倉位控制和風險控制。
⑨ 發行國債對股票有什麼影響
國債是國家政府發行的為了彌補財政赤字,平衡財政收支而發行的一種債券。
國家發行債券在現代經濟中,主要作為一種財政政策,起到調節經濟的作用。
國債一般期限較長,又有很高的安全性和獲利性,利率要高於同期定期儲蓄,有很強的投資性和流通性,所以要發展國債市場,是資本市場的重要組成部分。便於國家籌集資本。
國債的功能與作用
在市場經濟條件下,國債除具有彌補財政赤字、籌集建設資金等基本功能之外,還具有以下幾方面重要作用:
1.形成市場基準利率:
利率是整個金融市場的核心價格,對股票市場、期貨市場、外匯市場等市場上金融工具的定價均產生重要影響。國債是一種收入穩定、風險極低的投資工具,這一特性使得國債利率處於整個利率體系的核心環節,成為其他金融工具定價的基礎。國債的發行與交易有助於形成市場基準利率。國債的發行將影響金融市場上的資金供求狀況,從而引起利率的升降。在國債市場充分發展的條件下,某種期限國債發行時的票面利率就代表了當時市場利率的預期水平,而國債在二級市場上交易價格的變化又能夠及時地反映出市場對未來利率預期的變化。
2.作為財政政策和貨幣政策配合的結合點:
首先,擴大國債的發行規模是國家實施積極財政政策的主要手段,1998年8月為保證經濟增長率達到8%而增發2700億元特種國債就是一個很好的例子。
其次,國債,特別是短期國債是央行進行公開市場操作唯一合適的工具。國債的總量、結構對公開市場操作的效果有重要的影響。如果國債規模過小,央行在公開市場上的操作對貨幣供應量的控制能力就非常有限,不足以使利率水平的變化達到央行的要求;如果國債品種單一,持有者結構不合理,中小投資者持有國債比例過大,公開市場操作就很難進行。
3.作為機構投資者短期融資的工具:
國債的信用風險極低,機構投資者之間可以利用國債這種信譽度最高的標准化證券進行回購交易來達到調節短期資金的餘缺、套期保值和加強資產管理的目的