employers控股股票市值

A. 關於金錢的名人事例

約翰·洛克菲勒 （1839—1937年） 美國實業家、美孚石油公司創辦人。出生在美國東北部一個小村，家境貧寒。幼年時，曾將別人送他的一對火雞精心喂養成群，挑好的在集市上出售。12歲時積蓄了50美元，他把錢借給鄰居，收取本息。在克利夫蘭商業學校畢業後，曾任一運輸公司會計，三年積蓄900美元。他未參加南北戰爭，卻在戰爭中撈取了1.7萬美元。他沉默寡言，把全部精力傾注在金錢上。23歲時，他到了鑽出美國第一口油井的石油城，經實地考察，決定從事風險不大、不會虧本的煉油業。第二年與他人合資7萬美元在克利夫蘭建立了一家大煉油廠，採用可提煉出優質油的新技術，把競爭者遠遠拋在後面，獲利100％。1870年，他把兩座煉油廠和石油輸出商行合並，創建俄亥俄美孚石油公司。此後不到兩年的時間，他就吞並了該地區20多家煉油廠，控制該州90％煉油業、全部主要輸油管及賓夕法尼亞鐵路的全部油車。又接管新澤西一鐵路公司的終點設施，迫使紐約、匹茲堡、費城的石油資本家紛紛拜倒在其腳下。接著，為控制全國石油工業，他操縱紐約中央鐵路公司和伊利公司同賓夕法尼亞公司開展鐵路運費方面的競爭。結果，在8年內，美孚石油公司煉油能力從佔全美4％猛增到95％。美孚公司幾乎控制了美國全部工業和幾條大鐵路干線。1882年，它成為美國歷史上第一個托拉斯。後來，洛克菲勒財團又形成由花旗銀行、大通—曼哈頓銀行等四家大銀行和三家保險公司組成的金融核心機構，這七大企業控制全國銀行資產的12％和全國保險業資產的26％，洛氏家族通過它們影響工業企業決策。洛克菲勒財團創辦基金會，向教育、文化、醫療衛生和其他社會團體贈款，擴大影響和勢力。洛克菲勒財團還指派親信人物擔任政府要職，如曾任國務卿的杜勒斯、臘斯克都擔任過洛氏基金會董事長的職務；基辛格出任國務卿之前，曾擔任納爾遜·洛克菲勒（老洛克菲勒之孫）的外交政策私人顧問。該家族的成員也活躍於政治舞台，左右內政和外交政策，如納爾遜·洛克菲勒就曾擔任1974—1977年美國副總統。

B. 高分求一篇關於最近經濟危機的英文文章,最好是有評論的```

紐約：經濟危機殃及餐飲業

New York's vaunted restaurant scene is in for some lean times, according to the newest Zagat survey released on Tuesday, with price hikes coming at a time when diners say they are eating out less often and spending less in the face of dire economic conditions.

"Restaurants are clearly feeling the pinch from the economic crisis," said Tim Zagat, founder of the survey now in its 30th year which bases its food, decor and service ratings for some 2,000 restaurants on feedback from restaurant patrons.

But he added that the instry would weather the hard times, just as it did following the 1987 stock market crash and the September 11 attacks.

The pullback was not limited to diners, either, the survey found. Restaurant openings declined for the first time since 2003, down to 119 from last year's 163, and 187 just three years ago.

Nearly 40 percent of the survey's 38,000-plus respondents said they were coping with the shaky economy by eating out less often, and by patronizing less expensive restaurants.

All this in a year in which Zagat found prices up 3.3 percent, or far more than the one percent annual hike that prevailed over the past six years. High-end diners were hit even harder, with a nearly 10 percent tab increase.

The average tab in New York was $40.78, still less than the steepest US total of $44.44 in Las Vegas, and far behind other world capitals such as Paris, Tokyo, and even Toronto.

The bracing findings were one explanation for a spate of new burger, pizza and barbecue places that popped up this year, the survey noted. Even celebrity chefs such as Alain Ducasse and Jean-Georges Vongerichten opened bistros or noodle shops.

Any good news mostly centered around establishments that topped the ratings. Per Se nabbed the top spot for the first time for both food and service, with diners citing an "unforgettable, transcendental gastronomic marathon" -- with an average $303 tab to match.

The ratings cellar was once again reserved for theme restaurants like American Girl Place or Hard Rock Cafe, but celebrity hangout Elaine's scraped bottom with even lower marks for service and décor.

據Zagat調查公司本周二發布的一項最新調查顯示，紐約的高檔餐廳如今可是生意慘淡。受經濟危機和物價上漲的影響，紐約人不再像過去那樣經常「下館子」，餐飲支出也有所減少。

該調查的發起人蒂姆•扎格特說：「餐飲業已明顯感到經濟危機的影響。」這項已有30年歷史的年度調查主要根據食客的反饋評估紐約約2000家餐廳的菜品、裝修和服務。

但扎格特認為，這次餐飲業最終會度過難關，就像挺過1987年的股市崩盤和「9/11」恐怖襲擊一樣。

此外，調查發現，少的還不僅僅是食客，今年紐約新開張的餐館數量自2003年來首次下跌，從去年的163家減少至119家，而三年前則為187家。

在3.8萬多受訪者中，近40%的人稱他們為了應對眼下的經濟危機，已經不經常出去吃飯，或者選擇去較便宜的餐館就餐。

Zagat調查發現，今年紐約的餐飲物價整體上漲了3.3%，大大超過過去六年所保持的1%。其中高端消費者倍受打擊，價格漲幅達到了近10%。

在紐約出去吃一頓飯平均花費為40.78美元，低於全美最高的、拉斯維加斯的44.44美元，比起巴黎、東京甚至多倫多等其它國家的首都則要低得多。

調查指出，這些「鼓舞人心」的發現可以解釋為什麼今年紐約冒出了很多漢堡店、皮薩店和烤肉店。就連阿蘭•杜卡斯和希恩-喬治四•沃格里騰這樣的名廚也開起了小酒館或拉麵館。

好消息大都關於那些在評級中名列前茅的餐館。Per Se首次摘得菜品和服務「雙科冠軍」，食客們對它的評價是「令人難忘、無與倫比的美食享受」，這家餐廳的平均消費為303美元。

主題餐廳「美國女孩」和「滾石咖啡」再次墊底，但名人會所Elanie』s 的服務和裝修這兩項指標得分更低，排在最後一名。

經濟危機：我們老百姓能做些什麼？

Billions of pounds have been wiped off the value of shares after recession fears sparked panic selling across the world. The experts say there is more pain to come - and everyone will eventually feel the impact of the market downturn.

I have shares, should I worry?

If you are still holding stocks and shares in indivial companies you're either a hardy soul or have been burying your head in the sand as the markets have been jittery since the start of the year. "This is fairly late in the day - nervous investors will have already moved into cash or safer investments," says Martin Bamford, an independent financial adviser at Informed Choices.
Baby

If you do hold money in the market you need to decide if it is time to crystallise your losses, or if you have the stomach to sit tight and hope for a recovery. Parents who have invested their child trust fund (CTF) voucher in the stockmarket should not be too alarmed - there are years to go before the money can be withdrawn, or in the case of a stakeholder CTF is moved to safer investments, in which time the market could recover.
I moved my money - will I be OK?

It depends where and when you moved it. Money market funds, which had traditionally been seen as a safe haven for investors, have been falling too, while commodities prices have also been dropping. Property funds are doing badly and even cash accounts, which used to be regarded as the safest of safe places to put your money, have had a bad week with the collapse of Icesave. Fixed-interest securities, which traditionally do well when stock markets fall, have failed to ignite this time round, but Bamford reckons they will bounce soon. But he adds: "There is risk in every type of asset class in a recession."
My pension is invested in the stock market. Should I be worried?

Most people start moving money into safer investments as they near retirement, so those with pensions invested in stocks and shares should still have time on their side. However, Bamford says there will be some people approaching retirement who are still exposed to the markets. "There will be people who have been completely caught out by this," he says. "They might have to reconsider their plans for retirement - the timing and their lifestyle may have to be different."

Earlier this week, Hargreaves Lansdown said the value of personal pensions had fallen by a fifth since last year. The latest wave of falls will have wiped even more off their value. However, the firm's head of pensions research, Tom McPhail, says if you have more than 10 years until retirement the best strategy "is just to ignore what is going on at the moment". He explains: "This will all have probably played out by the time you get to retirement, so you should keep paying your regular contributions to your pension."

I have an occupational pension - will I be hit?

You could be. If it is a defined contribution scheme, where the amount you receive when you retire depends on the performance of the assets in which it is invested, then you are in the same boat as anyone with a personal pension. If you are about to retire the company operating your work pension should have been moving your share of the money into safer assets, so you won't be hit too hard. If you have years to go before you finish work, then there is time for losses to be recovered.

If you have a final salary scheme, where the amount you get is linked to your earnings, then you will be insulated from the falls in the short term, says McPhail. "In the medium term it will have an impact, though. One result that we will see is final salary schemes closing at a faster rate than at the moment."

Ros Altmann, an independent pensions analyst, says most employers are likely to give up on final salary schemes: "Most of them were in deficit before the market falls, and almost all will be now." More worrying, she says, is that if your company fails and you end up having to claim your pension through the Pension Protection Fund, you will only get 90% of what you had saved.
My pension has plummeted and now I have to buy an annuity

Unless you have reached 75, at which point the rules say you have to use your fund to buy an annuity to provide you with an income, you might want to sit tight in case the market recovers. The sum of money you have with which to buy the annuity will determine how much you have to live on for the rest of your life, so you might want to wait to see if your fund recovers some of its value and you can buy a better income. The government is considering suspending the rules so that those who have reached 75 can also wait.

However, McPhail warns: "The risk of not cashing in your investment is that there is no certainty that the market will recover soon." And while you wait for it to bounce back, annuity rates could fall. "If you are keeping your money in the market waiting for a recovery, then keep your eye on annuity rates too," he says.

If you are concerned, it would be wise to take advice.
I don't have shares or a pension - will I be OK?

"It's easy to see it as just problems in the financial markets, but this is going to have a knock-on effect on everybody," says Bamford. "The only questions are to what extent and how long it will take to feel the impact."

As the FTSE falls value is knocked off the UK's biggest companies, leaving them with less money to invest. Instead of expanding their businesses they could start recing staff numbers, leading to rendancies.

Those companies do not exist in a vacuum - they do business with other firms who will also be hit if they start to rein in their spending. Workers everywhere could eventually feel the impact of the downturn.
Is there any good news?

A little. The price of oil has slumped in recent weeks, which should mean cheaper petrol and could ultimately push down gas prices. Interest rates have been cut by 0.5% this week and further cuts are likely as the Bank tries to prop up the UK economy, which is good news for the third of borrowers on tracker mortgages. And while base rate cuts are usually bad news for savers, the fact that banks and building societies are seeking cash means they are still offering attractive interest rates on deposits.
經濟衰退導致的恐慌性拋售導致股票市值被抹去了數十億英鎊。專家們說，這還不算完呢－－最終，每個人都會感受到市場低迷的沖擊。

我是持股人，我該擔心嗎？

如果您手中仍有個別公司的股票，不是心理承受力特強的話，那就是從年初市場動盪的時候開始就一門心思死扛了。馬丁.班福特(Martin Bamford)，Informed Choices公司的獨立財經投資顧問說：「現在已經太晚了，穩健的投資者轉成了現金或更安全的投資領域」。

如果您在市場中資金，那割肉的時候到了；或者，您有安安穩穩坐等經濟恢復的本事。向兒童信託基金投資（CTF）的父母無需太過擔心－－離取出這些錢還有相當長的一段時間，否則，若CTF的持股人把資金轉到更安全的投資項目時，市場可能已經復甦了。

我已經離市，總該沒事了吧？

這要看看您把資金移到了哪裡，什麼時候轉移的。傳統上被投資者們視為安全天堂的貨幣基金同樣在下跌，於此同時，日用品的價格也在下跌。產權基金糟透了，即使是現金賬戶，這個曾被認為是最安全存錢地點的地方，也因為Icesave的崩潰經歷了糟糕的一周。固定利率的有價證券，傳統上認為會在證券下跌時表現尚佳的它，這次卻沒有爆發它的小宇宙，但是班福特預計他們會很快反彈。他補充說，「在經濟不景氣中，任何形式的資產都有風險。」

我的退休金都投到了股市，我該擔心嗎？

大多數人在臨近退休時把他們的投資轉成了比較安全的投資方式，所以，這些把退休金投入證券和股票的人此刻仍有時間。然而，, Bamford說，部分臨近退休者仍有暴露於市場危機中的風險。「有些人將完全意識到這一點，他們必須重新審議自己的退休計劃－－不論是在退休時間還是退休後的生活方式上都將被迫變得不同。」

本周早些時候，Hargreaves Lansdown 曾說，個人退休金的價值自去年開始已縮水了五分之一。最近幾天的下跌浪潮使得縮水數值變得更大。退休金研究公司的主管湯姆.麥克菲爾(Tom McPhail)說，如果離退休尚有10年以上，那麼此刻的最佳策略就是「充耳不聞」。他解釋說：「等到退休金開始發放時，很可能這一切都已經過去了，所以您應該保持退休金的繳納。」

我有一份職業養老金－－這會被沖擊嗎？

有可能。如果這是一份界定養老金（defined contribution scheme），在這種養老金中，您的收益和基金的資產投資收益表現掛鉤，就是說，您和任何同樣持有個人養老金的人坐在一條船上。

麥克菲爾說，最終薪金方案（ final salary scheme）中，您的收益和與收入掛鉤，如果您有這項方案，就可以避免短期的下挫。「雖然在中期上仍然會有沖擊。最終我們可以看到的一個結果是，在這段時間，薪金方案關閉速度要得快得多。」

羅斯.奧特曼(Ros Altmann)，獨立退休金分析師。他說，多數的雇員傾向於放棄最終薪金方案：「他們中的多數人在市場下挫之前就已經出現了赤字，現在幾乎全部出現了赤字。」更令人擔憂的事情是，如果您的公司已倒閉，並最終不得不從養老金保障基金（Pension Protection Fund）取出退休金的話，您能得到的只是所存全部金額的90％。

我的退休金暴跌，現在必須去買一份年金（annuity）了。

除非您已經75歲了，處於這種情況下，規定上說您必須用存款買一份年金以提供一份收入，您可以坐等可能出現的市場復甦。您用來買年的資金量將決定您餘生賴以為生的收入，所以，也許您想等等看您的基金價值是否能回彈一些，這樣您的收入就會有所改善。政府正在考慮延緩這些規定，這樣，達到75歲的人群仍可等待一段時間。

然而，麥克菲爾警告說：「投資不兌現的風險在於，市場復甦的明確信號並不存在。」而在您等待經濟反彈的時候，年金收益率可能已經下調了。「如果您把資金放在市場里等待復甦就一定要緊密關注年金收益率。」

如果您理解了這一點，就會知道，採納建議是一種很聰明的方式。

我沒有股票或退休金，總該安全了吧？

班福特說：「單純的金融領域的問題易於發現，但是金融領域的問題會引起連鎖反應，唯一的問題是，范圍會有多大，感受到沖擊需要多長時間。」
富時指數上英國大公司們市值的大跌導致他們可投資資金的減少。無須擴展市場，他們可以開始減少員工的數量，這導致裁員。

這些公司並非存在於真空中－－他們與其他同樣緊縮開支的公司做生意。最終所有的雇員都可以感受到市場低迷的沖擊。

有什麼好消息嗎？

很少。近幾周，石油價格暴跌，這意味著便宜的汽油，最終將導致油價下跌。本周，銀行試圖救市，利率下調了0.5％並有進一步下調的可能，這對貸款追蹤的第三方借貸者來說是個好消息。一般來說，基本利率的下調對於儲蓄者是壞消息，而銀行和建築業正尋求現金這一事件意味著他們仍將為儲蓄提供誘人的利率。

C. 有關最近經濟危機的事情

背景是格林斯潘一直推行的低利率政策。
根源有幾種不同的說法。
各種新自由主義經濟經濟學認為，是操作失誤或者是一般的貪婪心導致的。
各種凱恩斯主義認為，不僅是操作失誤，而且有資本主義體制和機制的問題存在。
這種制度層面就是私有制加市場經濟，容易導致每過幾年資本主義經濟格局發生經濟衰退。或者是比較嚴重的金融危機，經濟危機。
格林斯潘在最近接受采訪時說任何危機都有不同的，但都有一個根本原因就是人都有一種哪一抑制的慾望。

D. 至今仍在世的名人事例，15個。謝謝

穆爾(John Muir)出生於英國的美國加州博物學家、探險家、生態環境保護者，倡議建立國家公園。

台灣演員胡茵夢，成名作《去深不知處》。近年投注於新世紀靈修運動。

俄國女皇凱瑟琳大帝(Catherine the Great)，相傳她聯合情夫從夫君彼得三世手中奪得政權，並大肆擴張帝國疆域。

英國小說家夏綠蒂勃朗特(Charlotte Bronte)，著有《簡愛》。

荷蘭海軍軍醫里貝克(Jan Van Riebeeck)，他發現南非的開普敦。

伊麗莎白二世(Queen Elizabeth Il)英國女王，於1953年加冕，現仍在位，被認為是全世界最有錢的女人，近年來為子女的婚姻問題傷神不已。

墨西哥裔美籍電影演員安東尼昆(Anthony Quinn)，以《薩巴達萬歲》、《梵高傳》榮獲奧斯卡最佳男配角獎。