国债利率变动对股票估值影响

① 国家发行国债对股票价格变动的影响

国债的信用程度高、风险水平低，如果国债的发行量较大，会使证券市场风险和收益的一般水平降低。
国债利率的升降变动，严重影响着其他证券的发行和价格。当国债利率水平提高时，投资者就会把资金投入到既安全收益又高的国债上。因此，国债和股票是竟争性金融资产，当证券市场资金一定或增长有限时，过多的国债势必会影响到股票的发行和交易量，导致股票价格的下跌。

② 利率和估值究竟什么关系

利率和估值究竟是什么关系?
是低利率在支撑高估值吗?
很多人认为，当前A股估值水平迟迟降不下来的一个合理的解释是——中国目前低利率的市场环境可以支撑股市估值维持高位。
从A股历史来看，利率与估值并不存在稳定的反向关系
检验A股历史上利率水平(用10年期国债收益率)与A股剔除金融的PE估值的对应关系之后，发现两者并没有呈现出稳定的反向关系，而是时而正向、时而反向，并不稳定。
利率和估值同向时期，是“投资时钟”主导的时代
从“投资时钟”的逻辑来看，当经济进入复苏和过热周期时，股市的盈利和估值水平会同时提升(戴维斯双击)，而当经济进入衰退和滞胀周期时，股市的盈利和估值水平会同时下降(戴维斯双杀)。而从利率的角度来看，当经济经历复苏及过热的时期，往往实体经济的资金需求也会增加，因此反映资金成本的利率水平就会上行;而在衰退和滞胀周期时，利率会下行。
利率和估值反向时期，股市不是经济的“晴雨表”
02-05年，利率上行而估值下行，源于实体经济过热反而对股市资金形成了“虹吸效应”;14-15年，利率下行而估值上行，源于货币政策宽松和改革预期提升为股市提供了增量资金
海外经验来看，利率和估值的关系也并不稳定。海外利率与估值同向的时期，同样也是“投资时钟”主导的时代
美国98年10月至12年10月，美国股市与经济走势吻合，估值与利率先上后下，走势基本同向。日本93年9月至08年10月，泡沫破灭后估值长期下修，两段阶段性的反弹机会也均出现在经济弱改善的时期，整体利率与估值同向下移
海外利率与估值反向的时期，背后的原因更为复杂
美国“滞胀”时期，利率向上、估值向下;美国“里根新政”及“新经济”时期，利率向下、估值向上;美国“量化宽松”时期，利率向下、估值向上;日本地产泡沫后期，利率先上后下、估值先下后上。
结论：“投资时钟”回归之前，利率和估值或将维持反向，但风险偏好的变化会影响到两者的传导关系
中国“存量经济”的格局短期内很难被打破，宏观数据很可能在长时间内窄幅波动，这时候“投资时钟”是无效的。因此预计利率和估值的反向关系还将持续，不过风险偏好的变化会影响他们之间的传导关系。

③ 利率对国债如何影响

利率不会响国债期货价格，影响期货价格的只有供求数量，即供大于求，价格下跌，供不应求，价格上涨。

1·市场利率降低，意味着新发债券的利率也会降低，相对于已经上市的这些老债券来说，老债券的收益率就比较高了，也就是老债券的价格被低估了，所以这个时候就会买入债券，获取比市场利率高的收益，这样债券的价格就会涨，随着债券的价格上涨，收益率就会降低，价格和收益率重新达到均衡，跟市场利率匹配
2· 债券的价格跟债券的收益率是成反比的，市场利率会影响债券的收益率。
3·市场利率(marketinterestrate/marketrate)是市场资金借贷成本的真实反映，而能够及时反映短期市场利率的指标有银行间同业拆借利率、国债回购利率等。新发行的债券利率一般也是按照当时的市场基准利率来设计的。一般来说，市场利率上升会引起债券类固定收益产品价格下降，股票价格下跌，房地产市场、外汇市场走低，但储蓄收益将增加。
4·债券价值是指进行债券投资时投资者预期可获得的现金流入的现值。债券的现金流入主要包括利息和到期收回的本金或出售时获得的现金两部分。当债券的购买价格低于债券价值时，才值得购买。

④ 国债收益率与股市有什么关系

国债指数和股指有很直接的关系，可判断短线资金的流向。给投资人以指导.在整个社会资金供给量相对稳定的前提下，如果股市行情看涨，股票市场收益率提高，资金在利润的引导下必定从债券市场转向股票市场。反之亦然。股票市场和债券市场之间这种此消彼长的关系就是所谓的“翘翘板效应”。

⑤ 国债的发行 逆回购 还有发行利率的上下变动 对股市都有怎么样的影响呢为什么会出现这种影响呢

应该说，影响不大。当国债利率上行时，国债相对股票吸引力增大，所以可能导致投资股票的部分资金流向国债，仅仅是部分资金的转移而已，抽走股市的资金，就是卖出股票，相对股价就会下跌一些。就是这么回事。

⑥ 十年国债利率降到4以下，对股市是利好，还是利空

利率降低对股市是利好。

⑦ 急急急！！！利率变动对股市影响的数学公式（数学模型也可以）

没有公式，你看下面的信息自己做一个正反比例的模型，然后倒入这几年的经济数据拟合吧！！
（参考资料，英文中文都有）

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一般理论上来说,利率下降时,股票的价格就上涨；利率上升时,股票的价格就会下跌。因此,利率的高低以及利率同股票市场的关系,也成为股票投资者据以买进和卖出股票的重要依据。

利率对于股票的影响可以分成三种途径:

一是利率变动造成的资产组合替代效应,利率变动通过影响存款收益率,投资者就会对股票和储蓄以及债券之间做出选择,实现资本的保值增值。

通过资产重新组合进而影响资金流向和流量,最终必然会影响到股票市场的资金供求和股票价格。利率上升,一部分资金可能从股市转而投向银行储蓄和债券,从而会减少市场上的资金供应量,减少股票需求,股票价格下降；反之,利率下降,股票市场资金供应增加,股票价格将上升。

二是利率对上市公司经营的影响,进而影响公司未来的估值水平。

贷款利率提高会加重企业利息负担,从而减少企业的盈利,进而减少企业的股票分红派息,受利率的提高和股票分红派息降低的双重影响,股票价格必然会下降。相反,贷款利率下调将减轻企业利息负担,降低企业生产经营成本,提高企业盈利能力,使企业可以增加股票的分红派息。受利率的降低和股票分红派息增加的双重影响,股票价格将大幅上升。

三是利率变动对股票内在价值的影响。

股票资产的内在价值是由资产在未来时期中所接受的现金流决定的,股票的内在价值与一定风险下的贴现率呈反比关系,如果将银行间拆借、银行间债券与证券交易所的债券回购利率作为参考的贴现率,则贴现率的上扬必然导致股票内在价值的降低,从而也会使股票价格相应下降。股指的变化与市场的贴现率呈现反向变化,贴现率上升,股票的内在价值下降,股指将下降；反之,贴现率下降,股价指数上升。

以上的传导途径应该是较长的一个时期才能体现出来的,利率调整与股价变动之间通常有一个时滞效应,因为利率下调首先引起储蓄分流,增加股市的资金供给,更多的资金追逐同样多的股票,才能引起股价上涨,利率下调到股价上涨之间有一个过程。如我国央行自1996年5月以来的八次下调存款利率,到2002年1年期定期储蓄存款的实际收益率只有1.58%。在股票价格在较长时间内持续上涨的情况下,股票投资的收益率远远高于存款的报酬率,一部分储蓄存款转化为股票投资,从而加快了储蓄分流的步伐。从我国居民储蓄存款增长率来看,1994年居民储蓄存款增长率45.6%,之后增幅连年下滑,而同一时期股票市场发展迅速,1999年下半年开始储蓄分流明显加快,到2000年分流达到顶点,同年我国居民储蓄存款增长率仅为7.9%。这一年股票市场也牛气冲天。2001年储蓄分流则明显减缓,增长率14.7%,居民储蓄倾向增强。2001年股市波动性加大,股价持续几个月的大幅回调,则是2001年储蓄分流减缓、居民储蓄存款大幅增加的主要原因之一。

另外,利率对于企业的经营成本影响同样需要一个生产和销售的资本运转过程,短时间内,难以体现出来。因此,利率和股票市场的相关性要从长期来把握。

实际上,就中长期而言,利率升降和股市的涨跌也并不是简单的负相关关系。就是说,中长期股价指数的走势不仅仅只受利率走势的影响,它同时对经济增长因素、非市场宏观政策因素的反应也很敏感。如果经济增长因素、非市场宏观政策因素的影响大于利率对股市的影响,股价指数的走势就会与利率的中长期走势相背离。

典型如美国的利率调整和股市走势就出现同步上涨的过程。1992年至1995年美元加息周期中,由于经济处于稳步增长阶段,逐步收紧的货币政策并未使经济下滑,公司盈利与股价走势也保持了良好态势,加息之后,股票市场反而走高,其根本原因是经济增长的影响大于加息的影响。

我国从1996年5月进入降息周期的拐点。股指也进入上升周期。利率与股指的走势发生了5年的负相关关系。但2001年在利率没有进入升息周期的情况下,股指开始了下跌的趋势。分析其原因,我国非市场宏观政策因素的影响大于利率对股市的影响。人们对非流通的国有股将进入市场流通的担心和恐惧导致了股市投资的风险和收益发生了非对称的变化。从这个角度来看,由于我国目前非市场宏观政策因素仍然有比较大的不确定性,所以利率对股市的影响不能够成为我们研究和预测股市中长期走势的主要因素。

就短期而言,我国利率的变动对股价的走势很难判断存在相关性。利率调整当天和随后的股价波动并不能说明二者之间有何必然的联系。从当前股市的状况分析,很明显也和利率的走势不符合理论上的负相关性。股票市场的低迷更多地被归结为上市公司的质量以及诸多体制性问题和投资者信心问题。因此,在看待我国加息预期对于股票市场的影响时,还要考虑其他诸多因素,而不能简单从前文所述的理论关系来判断。利率只是影响股市的因素之一,而不是惟一决定因素。因此,我们不能唯利率升降是从,要具体分析,何况即使利率上升,股市也并不是就完全没有投资机会。（

Interest rates. Most people pay attention to them, and they can impact the stock market. But why? In this article, we'll explain some of the indirect links between interest rates and the stock market and show you how they might affect your life.

The Interest Rate
Essentially, interest is nothing more than the cost someone pays for the use of someone else's money. Homeowners know this scenario quite intimately. They have to use a bank's money (through a mortgage) to purchase a home, and they have to pay the bank for the privilege. Credit card users also know this scenario quite well - they borrow money for the short term in order to buy something right away. But when it comes to the stock market and the impact of interest rates, the term usually refers to something other than the above examples - although we will see that they are affected as well. (To read more, see Who determines interest rates?)

The interest rate that applies to investors is the U.S. Federal Reserve's federal funds rate. This is the cost that banks are charged for borrowing money from Federal Reserve banks. Why is this number so important? It is the way the Federal Reserve (the "Fed") attempts to control inflation. Inflation is caused by too much money chasing too few goods (or too much demand for too little supply), which causes prices to increase. By influencing the amount of money available for purchasing goods, the Fed can control inflation. Other countries' central banks do the same thing for the same reason.

Basically, by increasing the federal funds rate, the Fed attempts to lower the supply of money by making it more expensive to obtain.(To see more on the Federal Reserve, read Get To Know The Major Central Banks, The Fed Model And Stock Valuation: What It Does And Does Not Tell Us and Formulating Monetary Policy.)

Effects of an Increase
When the Fed increases the federal funds rate, it does not have an immediate impact on the stock market. Instead, the increased federal funds rate has a single direct effect - it becomes more expensive for banks to borrow money from the Fed. However, increases in the discount rate also cause a ripple effect, and factors that influence both indivials and businesses are affected.

The first indirect effect of an increased federal funds rate is that banks increase the rates that they charge their customers to borrow money. Indivials are affected through increases to credit card and mortgage interest rates, especially if they carry a variable interest rate. This has the effect of decreasing the amount of money consumers can spend. After all, people still have to pay the bills, and when those bills become more expensive, households are left with less disposable income. This means that people will spend less discretionary money, which will affect businesses' top and bottom lines (that is, revenues and profits).

Therefore, businesses are also indirectly affected by an increase in the federal funds rate as a result of the actions of indivial consumers. But businesses are affected in a more direct way as well. They, too, borrow money from banks to run and expand their operations. When the banks make borrowing more expensive, companies might not borrow as much and will pay a higher rate of interest on their loans. Less business spending can slow down the growth of a company, resulting in decreases in profit. (For extra reading on company lending, read When Companies Borrow Money.)

Stock Price Effects
Clearly, changes in the federal funds rate affect the behavior of consumers and business, but the stock market is also affected. Remember that one method of valuing a company is to take the sum of all the expected future cash flows from that company discounted back to the present. To arrive at a stock's price, take the sum of the future discounted cash flow and divide it by the number of shares available. This price fluctuates as a result of the different expectations that people have about the company at different times. Because of those differences, they are willing to buy or sell shares at different prices.

If a company is seen as cutting back on its growth spending or is making less profit - either through higher debt expenses or less revenue from consumers - then the estimated amount of future cash flows will drop. All else being equal, this will lower the price of the company's stock. If enough companies experience a decline in their stock prices, the whole market, or the indexes (like the Dow Jones Instrial Average or the S&P 500) that many people equate with the market, will go down. (To learn more, check out Why Do Markets Move?, Forces That Move Stock Prices and What causes a significant move in the stock market?)

Investment Effects
For many investors, a declining market or stock price is not a desirable outcome. Investors wish to see their invested money increase in value. Such gains come from stock price appreciation, the payment of dividends - or both. With a lowered expectation in the growth and future cash flows of the company, investors will not get as much growth from stock price appreciation, making stock ownership less desirable.

Furthermore, investing in stocks can be viewed as too risky compared to other investments. When the Fed raises the federal funds rate, newly offered government securities, such Treasury bills and bonds, are often viewed as the safest investments and will usually experience a corresponding increase in interest rates. In other words, the "risk-free" rate of return goes up, making these investments more desirable. When people invest in stocks, they need to be compensated for taking on the additional risk involved in such an investment, or a premium above the risk-free rate. The desired return for investing in stocks is the sum of the risk-free rate and the risk premium. Of course, different people have different risk premiums, depending on their own tolerance for risk and the company they are buying. However, in general, as the risk-free rate goes up, the total return required for investing in stocks also increases. Therefore, if the required risk premium decreases while the potential return remains the same or becomes lower, investors might feel that stocks have become too risky, and will put their money elsewhere.

Interest Rates Affect but Don't Determine the Stock Market
The interest rate, commonly bandied about by the media, has a wide and varied impact upon the economy. When it is raised, the general effect is to lessen the amount of money in circulation, which works to keep inflation low. It also makes borrowing money more expensive, which affects how consumers and businesses spend their money; this increases expenses for companies, lowering earnings somewhat for those with debt to pay. Finally, it tends to make the stock market a slightly less attractive place to investment.

Keep in mind, however, that these factors and results are all interrelated. What we described above are very broad interactions, which can play out in innumerable ways. Interest rates are not the only determinant of stock prices and there are many considerations that go into stock prices and the general trend of the market - an increased interest rate is only one of them. Therefore, one can never say with confidence that an interest rate hike by the Fed will have an overall negative effect on stock prices.

⑧ 利率变化对股市有什么影响

你好，利率变化对股市的影响：
1、利率上升
当市场的利率上市时，它会通过两个方面影响股市的走势。
一方面，利率上升，企业的融资成本增加，财务费用的开支也会同步增加，导致企业扩张的意愿下降，在原有的营业收入维持不变的情况下，费用的增加会导致净利润的下降，公司的市值也会同步下降。
另一方面，当利率上升时，以债券为代表的固定收益理财产品的吸引力对投资者显著增加，原先投资股票市场的资金会逐渐转向到固定收益理财，导致市场的成交量不足，股市的上涨动能不足，有可能导致股市大盘回调。
2、利率下降
实际上，利率下降也是通过减少企业的融资成本和增加市场的货币资金投向，来进一步影响股市大盘的具体走势。
利率下降，企业融资成本下降，净利润上升，企业的市值上涨。
利率下降，投资固定收益的资金减少，投资股票市场的资金增加，导致市场的整体成交量上涨，为大盘上涨注入新鲜活力。
因此，利率最终是通过影响企业融资成本和市场资金数量两方面影响股市。
风险揭示：本信息不构成任何投资建议，投资者不应以该等信息取代其独立判断或仅根据该等信息作出决策，不构成任何买卖操作，不保证任何收益。如自行操作，请注意仓位控制和风险控制。

⑨ 发行国债对股票有什么影响

国债是国家政府发行的为了弥补财政赤字，平衡财政收支而发行的一种债券。
国家发行债券在现代经济中，主要作为一种财政政策，起到调节经济的作用。
国债一般期限较长，又有很高的安全性和获利性，利率要高于同期定期储蓄，有很强的投资性和流通性，所以要发展国债市场，是资本市场的重要组成部分。便于国家筹集资本。

国债的功能与作用

在市场经济条件下，国债除具有弥补财政赤字、筹集建设资金等基本功能之外，还具有以下几方面重要作用：

1．形成市场基准利率：
利率是整个金融市场的核心价格，对股票市场、期货市场、外汇市场等市场上金融工具的定价均产生重要影响。国债是一种收入稳定、风险极低的投资工具，这一特性使得国债利率处于整个利率体系的核心环节，成为其他金融工具定价的基础。国债的发行与交易有助于形成市场基准利率。国债的发行将影响金融市场上的资金供求状况，从而引起利率的升降。在国债市场充分发展的条件下，某种期限国债发行时的票面利率就代表了当时市场利率的预期水平，而国债在二级市场上交易价格的变化又能够及时地反映出市场对未来利率预期的变化。

2．作为财政政策和货币政策配合的结合点：
首先，扩大国债的发行规模是国家实施积极财政政策的主要手段，1998年8月为保证经济增长率达到8%而增发2700亿元特种国债就是一个很好的例子。
其次，国债，特别是短期国债是央行进行公开市场操作唯一合适的工具。国债的总量、结构对公开市场操作的效果有重要的影响。如果国债规模过小，央行在公开市场上的操作对货币供应量的控制能力就非常有限，不足以使利率水平的变化达到央行的要求；如果国债品种单一，持有者结构不合理，中小投资者持有国债比例过大，公开市场操作就很难进行。

3．作为机构投资者短期融资的工具：
国债的信用风险极低，机构投资者之间可以利用国债这种信誉度最高的标准化证券进行回购交易来达到调节短期资金的余缺、套期保值和加强资产管理的目的