股票市场风险外文

A. 股票市场的风险

股市的风险，就是买入股票后在预定的时间内不能以不低于买入价将股票卖出，以致发生套牢，且套牢后的股价收益率(每股税后利润/买入股价)达不到同期银行储蓄利率的可能性。

根据预定投资时间的长短，股市的风险又可分为短期风险和长期风险。对于短期投资者或投机者来讲，其收益就是股票的价差，股市风险就集中体现在股票的价格上，即风险发

生的后果是不能将股票以不低于买价抛出，从而使资金被套。而对于长期投资者而言，股票的收益虽然有时以价差的形式表现出来，但更经常地还是体现在股票的红利及上市公司净资产的增值两方面，所以长期投资的风险决定于股票是否具有投资价值。

由于股票的价格始终都在变化，股市的风险就处于动态之中。当价格相对较高时，套牢的可能性就大一些，股价收益率要低一些，其风险就大一些；而当股票价格处于较低水平时，套牢的可能性就小一些，股价收益率要高一些，其风险就小得多。所以股票的风险随着股价的上升而增大，随着股价的下降而逐渐释放

中国的股票市场由于起步晚，发展快，股票市场的方方面面未免存在形形色色的问题。同欧美成熟的股市相比，中国股票市场除了具有国际股票市场所固有的风险因素外，还掺杂着一定的人为风险因素。

B. 急求！一篇关于股票价值投资或投资风险方面的外文文献翻译！要中英文对照的，中文3000字以上外文10000字符

追加多少？

C. 什么叫股票市场风险

证券市场瞬息万变，直接影响供求关系，包括政治局势动荡、货币供应紧缩、政府干预金融市场，投资大众心理波动以及大投机者兴风作浪等，都可以使证券市场掀起轩然大波。就拿上海股市来说，1991年6月前疲跌不振，持股人眼看自己手中的股票价值不但没有增加，股票反而跌进票面以下，对股市毫无兴趣，泄气之至；拥有资金者面对行情持续处于跌势，也不愿贸然进场，造成进出均少，尽管上市股票不过区区几千万元，仍是供过于求。7月以后，在外地投资者的影响下，加之浦东开发等重大项目的兴奋作用，上海股市大振，大众心理起了根本变化，几千万元股票变得大大供不应求。对这样畸冷畸热的股市，可以说绝大多数人都在意料之外，因为其中有许多无法预测的偶然因素。换言之，投资者若在6月投资股市，尽管价格很低，却会碰到许多难以意料的风险，正因为风险大，获利机会也高。6月投资的人，到10月，股价就翻了两番。

D. 股票筹资风险的英文摘要

The issue market is refers to has the stock from the plan to the sales entire process, the issue market is the call for fund obtains the fund directly the market. the new company's being established, the old company increases funding or offers loans, must through the issue market, probably draw support in has, the sales stock raising fund, causes the fund to enter in the demand hand from the supplier in the relay, is also transforms the deposit as the investment, thus creates the new actual assets and the monetary assets, increases the social total capital and proctivity, promotes the social economy development, this is the basic-level market function.

1. issue market characteristic: First, not fixed place, may in the Investment bank, the Trust investment company and the negotiable securities company and so on place the occurrence, may also in the market the opening offer new stock; Two do not have the unification occurrence time, according to own needs to move toward by the stock publisher with the market quotation decided voluntarily when distributes.

2. has the market constitution: Has the market to be composed of three main body factor interconnection. These three are the stock publisher, the stock credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas and the stock investor. the publisher's stock issue scale and investor's actual investment ability, is deciding the issue market stock capacity and the developed degree; At the same time, to guarantee that has business's smooth advance, causes to have and the investors can realize own goal smoothly, acts as a purchasing agent and has exclusive selling rights the stock intermediary issue market, issues on another's behalf the traveler outstanding share, and charges the proceral fee to the publisher. Thus, the issue market take the credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas as a center, a relation publisher, a relation investor, positively in development stock issue.

3. stock issue way: Under the various countries' different politics, the economy, the social conditions, specially the monetary system and the money market management's difference causes the stock the release way is also many and varied; According to the different taxonomic approach, may summarize as follows
(1) public release does not come together with public release this according to the release object divides. The public release calls male solicits, is refers to does not have the specific release object beforehand, sells the stock publicly to the social general investors the way. selects this method, may expand shareholder's scope, the dispersion owns stocks, prevents to store up the stock or to operate by the small number of people, is advantageous in enhances company's sociality and the popularity, will be later collects more funds to build the foundation. increases the stock the merchantability and the conctivity. The public release may use the method which Joint-stock company sell directly, may also pay certain release expense to adopt the financial Facilitating agency proxy.
The public release is refers to the publisher only to the specific release object sales promotion stock way. Usually uses in two kind of situations: one is the shareholder share matching, also calls the shareholder to share, namely the Joint-stock company assigns this company's new stock subscriber power according to the stock face value to the original shareholder, mobilizes the shareholder to subscribe. This kind of new stock issue price often is lower than the market price, in fact becomes to shareholder's one kind gives favored treatment, generally the shareholders are glad to the subscriber. if some shareholders are not willing to subscribe, he may give up the new stock subscriber power automatically, may also transfer this kind of subscriber power other people, thus has formed the subscriber power transaction. two are the personal share matchings, also calls the third party to share, namely the Joint-stock company sells outside the shareholder the new stock minute this company staff, the intercourse customer and so on to have with the company the special relationship third party. selects this method often to stem from two kind of considerations: First, to press the preferential price to share the new stock for specific, shows to look after; Second, when the new stock issue encounters the difficulty, shares to the third party supports in order to, regardless of being the shareholder or personal sells on ration, because the release object is decides, therefore, does not need through male to solicit the way, not only this may save the request Facilitating agency's handling charge, reces the cost of capital, but may also transfer the shareholder and the internal enthusiasm, item solid and development company's public relation. But the shortcoming is this kind of public release stock fluidity is bad, cannot publicize in the market transfers the sell, will also rece Joint-stock company's sociality and the popularity, will also exist is offered a very low price with the holding danger.

(2) direct release and distributes this is indirectly sells the sell stock according to the publisher the way not to come together divides. The direct release calls the direct stock offering. Is refers to Joint-stock company to undertake stock issue all business and the release risk, sells the sell stock directly to the subscriber the way. when selects the direct release method, requests the publisher to be familiar with the stock offering procere, the familiar stock offering technology and meets certain requirement. When if the amount of subscription cannot achieve the plan stock offering volume, the newly built Joint-stock company's initiators or the existing Joint-stock company's board of directors must subscribe the stock which sells. , is only therefore suitable in has decides the release object or the release risk are few, proceral simple stock. Generally, because public release's stock or the public release has the difficulty (for example prestige low result's market competitiveness difference, could not bear large quantity release expense and so on) the stock; Perhaps the strength is abundant, has confidence realizes large amount private solicits saves release expense the great Joint-stock company stock, only then uses the direct release the way. the indirect release calls the indirect stock offering, is refers to the publisher to entrust the securities issue Facilitating agency to sell the stock the way. These Facilitating agencies take the stock the sales promotion, handles all release business, undertakes certain release risk and withdraws the corresponding income.
The stock indirect release has 3 methods: one is sells goods for the state, is also called the proxy stock offering, the sales promotion is only responsible according to publisher's condition sales promotion stock, the proxy stock offering service, but does not undertake any release risk, sells how many in the stipulated time internal energy to calculate how many, expires still could not sell the stock to return for the publisher. Because distributes the risk and the responsibility completely undertakes by the publisher, the securities issue Facilitating agency is only is entrusted to replace the sales promotion, therefore, the selling goods for the state handling charge is low. two are sells on consignment, also said that Yu Gu acts as a purchasing agent, the stock publisher and the securities issue Facilitating agency signs the sales promotion contract to stipulate explicitly, in stipulated time, if the Facilitating agency actual sales promotion's result has not been able to achieve the contract provision the release amount, its differential part acts as a purchasing agent down by Facilitating agency. This kind of release method's characteristic is can guarantee that completes the stock issue specified amount, generally gains publisher's popularity, but because the Facilitating agency must undertake certain release risk, therefore sells on consignment the handling charge which the expense is higher than sells goods for the state. three are has exclusive selling rights, also the name buys up the stock offering, when distributes the new stock, the securities issue Facilitating agency disposable to buy completely first with own fund is going the public release stock, then sells graally again according to the market quotation, the Facilitating agency earns business price difference. If has the unsalable stock, the Facilitating agency sells at reced price or has, because the publisher may obtain fast plans the fund completely, but the sales promotion wants to undertake the release risk completely, therefore, has exclusive selling rights the expense to be higher than sells goods for the state spends and sells on consignment the expense. when stock indirect release actually uses which one method, the publisher and the sales promotion consideration angle is different, needs both sides to consult the determination. In general, the publisher mainly considered that he in the market prestige, the expenses time, the cost of capital and to sells the trust degree; The sales promotion main consideration undertakes the risk and can obtain income.

3) paid increases funding, free increases funding with matching increases funding this is defers to the investor subscribes time the stock whether pays the payment for shares to divide. Paid increases funding is refers to the subscriber to according to the stock some kind of issue price payment cash, Fang Neng obtain the stock one release way. the general public release's stock and private solicits the way which the shareholder share matching, the personal share matching use paid increase funding, uses this way outstanding share, may collect the capital stock directly from the outside, increases Joint-stock company's capital in cash. free increases funding, is refers to the subscriber not to need to pay the cash to the Joint-stock company to be possible to obtain the stock the release way, the release object is only restricted in the original shareholder, uses this way release the stock, cannot collect the capital stock directly from the outside management, but is depends upon the rection Joint-stock company's common reserve fund or the earnings balance increases the capital in cash, the release way which generally only when the stock distributes dividends draws bonus, the stock split-up and the legal common reserve fund or the earnings extension make capital share matching uses free increases funding, the new stock free issue for the original shareholder, its goal is mainly in proportion divides for the shareholder the profit, heightens the shareholder confidence and the company prestige or to adjust the capital structure. because the free release must receive the sources of fund the limit, therefore, cannot use this way outstanding share frequently. Matching increases funding, is refers to the Joint-stock company when shares the new stock to the original shareholder, only lets the shareholder pay the issue price a part to be possible to obtain certain amount stock the way, for example the shareholder subscribes the currency value is 100 Yuan stocks, only needed the branch society 50 Yuan to be possible, other parts of free releases, arrived sufficiently by company's common reserve fund. This release way is also to the original shareholder's one kind of preferential benefit, can only collect the partial payment for shares again from their there, realizes the company to increase funding very quickly the plan.

The above these stock issue way, has the advantages and the condition restraint respectively, the Joint-stock company when the outstanding share, may select some method, may also concurrently pick several ways, various companies are embark from own actual situation, selects according to qualification. Presently, various countries use most are many, the most universal way are public and the indirect release

E. 股指期货风险与防范 英文文献

这家股指期货开户，按现在的市场，每次交易只需要20元左右的费用

F. 股市有风险 投资需慎重 用英文怎么译

你好,翻译如下,希望能够让你满意!

The stock has risk,so you should be caution when invest.

G. 股市有风险，入市需谨慎 英文专业翻译

investment has certain risks, be wised with your decision.

there is the risk of stock market, investment should be cautious.

H. 关于中国股市制度缺陷及纠正的外文文献

这方面我基本上是空白，所以找了一下，看看能能否帮上你，二、中国股票市场存在的问题
市场经济需要经济自由、明确的财产权和保护产权的法律条件。在提供市场经济的基础条件方面，政府有着巨大的规模优势。但是这种优势只是理论上的。事实表明，政府与其说建设性地提供了这些基础条件，倒不如说常常破坏性地摧毁市场经济的基础条件。中国股票市场一直没有解决好政府与市场的关系问题。
1、经济自由受到限制。中国股票市场上的股票发行方式行政色彩十分明显，政府对股票发行实行了额度限制，上市指标成为稀缺“资源”。这使得拟上市公司向地方政府及主管部门争取额度，地方政府和主管部门向国家证券管理部门争取额度的行为愈演愈烈。政府对上市公司挑选程序的过深介入与市场经济原则相背，因为政府挑选所采用的是一套行政机制，其核心是运用行政关系来推荐，缺乏市场选择的效率，容易产生寻租腐败。许多企业上市后把股票市场当作“提款机”，而没有通过资本市场上的运作来解决企业亟待解决的问题，如转换经营机制，建立良好的公司治理结构，优化资源配置和进行产业调整，反而使企业因缺乏有效的股东制衡机制和合理的股权结构而出现质量滑坡，许多公司在上市不久即告业绩下降甚至亏损。
当上市公司不能正常经营时，政府又对上市公司资产重组和退市进行干预。中国股票市场一直没有形成一种有效的退市制度。在连续亏损上市公司数量不断增多的情况下，证券管理部门推出了ST、PT制度作为退市制度的过渡。由于对公司市场准入的控制，上市公司的“壳”成为稀缺资源，成为市场上兼并、收购和重组的首选对象。在发达国家，股票市场上上市公司的兼并、收购和重组完全是一种以市场为基础的纯企业行为，政府很少会介入到这一活动中去。而在我国，上市公司中国有股占据控制地位的产权结构特征和资本市场以为国有企业筹集资金和“解困”为目的的定位，决定了政府必然是上市公司资产重组的内在构成要素。政府在介入关系公司资本结构变化与经营战略调整的资产重组时，不可避免地会有行政管理者的色彩，很难将其所有者权能与社会管理者权能做出清晰地界定。同时，作为资产所有者，政府在重组中追求利益最大化的行为是市场化财产属性所要求的结果，但它在行使其社会权能时，其行为更主要的是一种行政行为。角色的双重性，导致政府在上市公司重组中的行为常出现市场化与行政化的混淆。
2、中国上市公司没有形成明晰的产权。中国股票市场是官办的，设立之初就是为国有企业解困、卸包袱的。因此，在现有的上市公司中超过60％的是从国有企业转制而来的。全民所有权本身是一种不明确的所有权关系，全民所有权虽然在静态意义上是明确的，但其收益与损失由谁负责却不甚清楚。
公司治理是在产权诸项权能的基础上形成的，合理的产权制度安排是有效公司治理的必要前提。在国有股控股的公司中，由于国有股的有效持有主体缺位，致使国有产权虚置，没有形成人格化的产权主体，股东对企业的监控机制难以建立。这种制度缺陷容易衍生经营者道德风险，产生“内部人”控制。国有股东对公司的控制在产权上趋于超弱控制，在行政上则趋于超强控制。经理人员与政府博弈的结果是一部分经理人利用政府产权上的超弱控制形成对企业的内部控制，同时又利用行政上的超强控制转嫁经营风险，将经济性亏损推诿为体制性因素。
股权分置的制度安排也导致了公司外部治理机制不能正常运转。正常情况下，股票在市场流通所表现的估价是对上市公司经营管理水平的直接反映，流通股比例越高，通过证券市场监督上市公司经营状况的力度就越强。若公司业绩差，投资者就会抛售股票，股价下跌，从而为收购者创造出收购机会，而一旦收购成功，被收购公司的原有经营管理者将处于十分不利的境地。因此，提升企业经营管理水平与经营业绩来防止公司被恶意收购，就成为上市公司经营者恪尽职守、勤勉尽责的外在压力与约束。但是在国有股不流通情况下，上述市场压力传导机制对经营者的作用非常有限。
3、缺乏完善的法制。资本市场正常有效运行的一个重要前提是必须有一套反映市场经济本质要求和资本市场内在规律的完善的法律制度和健全的法律体系。但在我国这样一套法律制度和法律体系还远没有建立起来。
在立法方面，调节资本运行的《公司法》和《证券法》都带有比较明显的制度缺陷。目前正在实施的《公司法》是从20世纪80年代后期开始制定，于1994年7月1日正式实施的。在制定《公司法》时，由于社会主义市场经济理论还未正式确定，资本、资本市场和资本机制等都还未取得合法地位，人们对股票、股票市场和股份公司的地位和作用在认识上比较肤浅，在这种背景下制订的《公司法》与现实越来越不适应。正在实施的《证券法》是在亚洲金融危机期间出台的，为有效防范风险，有些内容规定较严，已经不能满足证券市场的发展需要，其中在混业经营，股指期货、社保资金入市，加入WTO后的证券市场发展以及证券监管机构执法权限等方面都亟须进一步改进。“法不好依”成为我国证券市场运行中的一个突出问题。
在执法方面，证监会是中国证券市场主要的执法机关，由于隶属国务院具有行政管理职能，所以具有行政机关的色彩。证监会的监管很多时候是为了调控市场的价格和指数，缺乏预期性和一致性；执法过程中查处侵害投资者利益案件比较少，查处违反市场管理政策性法律案件比较多。在执法过程中存在不公平、不及时、不透明，缺乏连贯性，纵容违法行为，监管机构内部人员违法犯罪等问题。
在司法方面，存在重行政轻刑事、民事责任的问题，缺少民事赔偿制度等。
三、中国股票市场制度的变革
基于上述分析，中国股票市场要成长为一个集融资、投资、资源配置功能于一体的成熟市场，必须进行基础制度的变革，走市场化、法制化、国际化的道路。
1、市场化改革。按市场原则决定谁有权进入股票市场，明确监管范围和责任，强化政府依法对股票市场进行监管，从各个方面放松政府管制，疏通股票市场的进出通道，实现发行上市和投资完全由市场来选择，建立和完善退市机制。同时实行股票全流通，股权多样化，大力发展产权交易市场，建立一个包括创业板市场、主板市场和场外交易市场的多层次市场体系，适时推出股票指数期货、国债期货等国外比较成熟，国内已初步具备条件的新型交易工具，积极探索期权、卖空机制、做市商制度、市价单与止损单等新型交易模式。
2、法制化改革。在立法方面：确立正确的立法指导思想，对《证券法》、《公司法》进行修改，使其具有前瞻性和可操作性；加强《证券法》、《公司法》的商事性，使其不仅仅是一部管理法；制订颁布新的法律，完善现有的法律体系，如《投资者权益保护法》、《兼并与收购法》；修改《证券法》、《刑法》，使两法对证券犯罪规定相互一致，相互衔接；增加《证券法》中有关欺诈民事责任的规定；修改《证券法》，增加对中国证监会司法审查的规定，推动中国证监会依法行政。
执法方面：形成科学的执法方式，避免证监会阶段性查处一批违法案件的“运动式”监管，形成经常性监管，日常性监管和事件监管相结合，动态监管与静态监管相呼应的监管方式；查处证券欺诈行为，保护投资者利益；证监会加强自律。
司法方面：法院以积极的态度对待投资者，对为了维护合法权益而对证券欺诈行为提起的诉讼，不得以没有法律依据为由拒绝审理。
3、国际化改革。我们的市场规则、行为模式要和国际的最佳规则、最佳模式接轨，按照WTO的协议开放证券服务业。中长期应该实现股票市场，包括二级市场双向自由开放，让国外的蓝筹股在上海的证券交易所自由上市，交叉挂牌。适时修改法规，允许存托凭证的实施，国内基金、国外资本的自由出入。■ 全科论文中心http://www.issncn.net 全科论文中心http://www.issncn.net